ⵜⴰⵔⵉⴷⵉⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⵎⴰⵏⵜ
Jamila Elmossalli
ⴰⵙⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴷ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵍⴰⵍⵉⵜ: 19 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ ⴳ ⵡⴰⵣⵣⴰⵏ
ⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ: ⵜⵜⴰⵀⵍ
- ⵜⵉⵥⵉⴹⴰⵕ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ
ⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰ ⵊⴰⵎⵉⵍⴰ ⵍⵎⵚⵍⵍⵉ, ⵜⵓⵎⵥ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⴷⴷⵓⴽⵜⵓⵔⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴽⵍⴰ / ⵜⴰⵣⵓⵏⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵔⵓⵢ, ⴰⴽⴷ ⴰⴷⵉⴱⵍⵓⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰⵜⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ, ⵜⴰⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵎⵓⵃⵎⵎⴰⴷ ⵡⵉⵙⵙ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ – ⵕⴱⴰⴹ, ⵜⴰⵎⵥ ⴳ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⴰⴷ ⵏⵉⵜ ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵉⵔⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵡⵉⵏⴳⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵖⵔⵎⴰ.
ⵜⵉⵎⵙⵜⴳⴳⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⵏⴱⵉⴹⵉⵏ
- ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴷⴰⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ (9 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2019)
- ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵡⵏⴰⴽ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵍⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵢ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵓ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵉⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵏⵉⴹⵉ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵎⵙⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ (5 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 2017 / 9 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2019)
- ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ, ⵙ ⵜⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ, ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⴰⵔ (9 ⴽⵟⵓⴱⵕ 2016 – 4 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 2017)
- ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵔⵉⵜ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵓⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴰⵏⴰⴼⵍⵍⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⴰⵔ (20 ⵎⴰⵢ 2015 – 4 ⵉⴱⵔⵉⵔ 2017)
- ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴳ ⵜⵏⴱⴰⴹⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ (ⵙⴳ 20 ⵎⴰⵢ 2015)
ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ
- ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴼⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ (ⵙⴳ 2008)
- ⵜⴰⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴽⴰⴱⴰⵕ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ (2002- 2015)
- ⵜⴰⵏⴼⵍⵓⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵏ, ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ (2012 – 2015)
- ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵏ ( 2007 – 2011)
- ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵣⴰⵖ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⵎⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵏ ( 2002 – 2011)
- ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵓⵙⵎⴰⴳⴰⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵏⵉⵇⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵏⴰⵍⵉⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵔⵇⴱ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵎⴷⵢⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ (2009 – 2014)
- ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⴷ ⵜⴷⵍⵙⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵓⵔⴰⵢⵏ ( 2012 – 2015)
- ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵎⵏⴹⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓⵜⵉⵏ (2013 – 2014)
- ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴹⴼⵕⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⵎⵓⵜⵜⴳ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵓⴼⵓⵙ (2014 – 2015)
- ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵉⵏ
- ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉ ⴰⵎⴰⴹⵍⴰⵏ ⵉ ⵓⴼⵔⴰ PGA
- ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⵜⴰⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵕⵓⴱⴱⴰ ⴳ ⵎⴰ ⵉⵣⵔⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⴽⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵓⵃⵢⵓ
- ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⴰⵡ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴳⴰⴷⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵓⵍⴼ ⵉⴹⴼⵕⵏ ⵉ ⵉⴱⵔⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵎⴰⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴷ ⵍⴽⴰⵕⴰⵢⴱⵉ FOPREL
- ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵓⴳⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵕⵍⴰⵎⴰⵏⵉⵢⵏ ⴰⵏⵎⴳⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵓⴼⵙⵓ ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ
- ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵉ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⵎⵙ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ (2010 – 2011)
ⵜⵉⵔⵎⵉⵜ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵜ
- ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵏⵣⵣⴰⵔⴼⵓⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⴼⴰⵍⵉⵜ ( ⵙⴳ ⵎⴰⵢ 2018)
- ⵜⴰⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵏ ⵓⴼⵔⴰⴽ ⴰⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ – ⴰⵢⵢⴰⵡ ⵏ ⵕⴱⴰⴹ (1995 – 1999)
- ⵜⴰⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵏⵙⵙⵉⵅⴼⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ “ⵍⵡⵉ ⴰⵎ” ⵉ ⵜⵎⵓⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ (2004 – 2015)
- ⴰⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⴳⵔⴰⵡ “ⵥⵥⴰⵀⵕⴰ” ⵉ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱⵉⵜ (2001 – 2015)
- ⵜⵉⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵏⴼⴰⵔⵏ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴷ ⵉⵜⵜⵔⴰⵔⵏ ⵜⵉⵖⵔⴰⴷ ⵉ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵡⴰⴷⴷⴰⴷ ⵉⵀⵔⵛⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴱⴷⴷⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵙⴼⵍⴷ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵓⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ, ⴷ ⵓⴳⵎⴰⵎ ⴰⵎⵙⵙⵏⵜⵉ ⵉ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵙⵎⵓⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵥⴹⵡⴰⵏ ⵉⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔⵏ ⵉⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏ
ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵙⵉ ⴳ ⵓⴼⴰⵔⵙ ⴰⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⴰⵡⵏⴳⵉⵎ
- ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ “ⴰⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⴰⵜⵔⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵏⵉⴷⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏⵏⵙ” (ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⵍⵊⴰⵣⵉⵔⴰ ⵉ ⵜⵣⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴽⴷ ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵜ ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ “ⵉⵎⵥⵕⴰⴳⵏ” ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2013)
- ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ “ⵜⴰⵎⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⴰⵙⵔⵜⴰⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⵏⴳⵔ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⴷ ⵓⵏⴰⵔⵓⵣ” (ⵜⵉⵥⵕⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵏ “ⵍⵡⵉ ⴰⵎ” 2009)
- ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵓⵎⵎⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵏⵇⵇⵉⵙⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⵉⴳⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵊⵎⵓⵜⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵏ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵓⵎⵓⵙⵙⵓ ⴰⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏ
- ⵜⵉⵡⵙ ⵙ ⵜⴼⵔⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⵔⵣⵓⵜⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⴱⵔⴳⵔⴰⵡⵏ ⴷ ⵉⵏⵎⵓⵇⵇⴰⵔⵏ ⵉⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ ⴷ ⵉⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏⵏ
- ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵜⵓⵖⵣⵉⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵜⵎⵙⴰⵔⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵖⴰⵔⵜ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵏⴳⵎⴰⵎⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵎⴰⴷⴷⴰⵙⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵄⵕⴰⴱⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵎⴰⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⵓⵣⴰⵢⵜ, ⴳⵉⵙⵏⵜ
- ⴰⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵣⵣⵔⴰⵢ ⵏ ⵜⵙⵓⵜⴰⵍ ⵜⵉⵙⴳⴰⵡⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵉ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⴰⵏⵓⵏⵏ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⵙⵇⵇⵉⵎⵜ ⵏ ⵡⴰⵏⵛⴰ ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴰⵏⴽⵏ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵏ ⴷ ⵡⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ ⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱ ⵏ ⵉⵔⵣⵣⵓⵜⵏ ⵓⵍⴳⵉⵏⵏ ⵉⵣⵔⴼⴰⵏⵏ ( ⴳ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ ⵏ 2013, ⴷ ⵓⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ 2015)
- ⵜⵓⴳⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵙⵍⴽⵉⵏⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ ⴳ ⵓⵙⴰⵏⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴳ ⵢⵉⴳⵔⴰⵏ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵢⴰⵡⴰⴹ ⴷ ⵜⵣⴷⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵏⵎⴰⵜⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵖⵉⵡⵙ ⴰⵙⵜⵔⴰⵜⵉⵊⵉ ⴷ ⵓⵙⵍⴳⵏ ⴰⴳⵔⴰⵖⵍⴰⵏ ⴰⵏⴼⴳⴰⵏ
- ⵜⴰⴷⵔⴰⵡⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵖⴰⵡⴰⵙ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵉⵍⵖ ⴰⵏⵔⵣⵓⴼ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⵉⵥⵍⵉⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵎⵓⵣⴰⵔ ⵜⵉⵡⵜⵎⴰⵏⵏ ⵅⴼ ⵡⴰⵎⵓⵏ ⵓⵖⵔⵉⵎ ⴰⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉ ⴷ ⵜⵙⴷⴰⵡⵉⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵉⵔⵉⴽⴰⵏⵉⵏ.
ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴷⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵏ ⵜⴱⴷⴰⴷⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴳⵎⵉ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵏⵜ ⴷ ⵉⵙⴽⵉⵍ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵊⴰ © 2020
